INDO TIBETAN BORDER
POLICE (ITBP)
INDO TIBETAN BORDER POLICE (ITBP)
ITBP was raised on 24 October 1962, under the CRPF Act, in the wake of the Sino-Indian War of 1962. The ITBP was intended for deployment along India’s border with China’s Tibet Autonomous Region.
In September 1996, the Parliament of India enacted the ‘Indo-Tibetan Border Police Force Act, 1992’ to “provide for the constitution and regulation” of the ITBP “for ensuring the security of the borders of India and for matters connected therewith”. The first head of the ITBP, designated Inspector General, was Balbir Singh, a police officer previously belonging to the Intelligence Bureau. The ITBP, which started with 4 battalions, has, since restructuring in 1978 undergone expansion to a force of 56 battalions as of 2017 with a sanctioned strength of 89,432.
The ITBP is also trained in disaster management, and nuclear, biological and chemical disasters. ITBP personnel have been deployed abroad in UN peacekeeping missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Sierra Leone, Haiti, Western Sahara, Sudan, Afghanistan and elsewhere. Two battalions of ITBP are deputed to National Disaster Response Force.
SASHASTRA SEEMA BAL (SSB)
SSB is one of India’s Central Armed Police Forces. It is currently under the administrative control of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), Government of India. Prior to 2001, the force was known as the Special Service Bureau (SSB). As of 2017, it has 76,337 active personnel in 67 battalions.
The previous role of the Special Service Bureau was to motivate and mobilise India’s border population for national security during times of peace as well as war and to promote a sense of security and brotherhood among the population, in furtherance of national integration. Its present-day role consists of preventing cross-border crime and smuggling as well as other anti-national activities.
In pursuit of achieving this mandated task, the SSB has been conferred with certain powers under the Criminal Procedure Code of 1973, the Arms Act of 1959, the NDPS Act of 1985 and the Passport Act of 1967. The Government of India also contemplates conferring additional powers under the Customs Act of 1962.
These powers are to be exercised within a belt of 15 km in the states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh, running along the Indo-Nepal and Indo-Bhutan borders, as well as in any other area of SSB operation.
INDIAN COAST GUARD (ICG)
The Indian Coast Guard (ICG) protects India’s maritime interests and enforces maritime law, with jurisdiction over the territorial waters of India, including its contiguous zone and exclusive economic zone. The Indian Coast Guard was formally established on
18 August 1978 by the Coast Guard Act, 1978 of the Parliament of India as an independent Armed force of India. It operates under the Ministry of Defence. Navy, the Department of Fisheries, the Department of Revenue (Customs) and the Central and State police forces. Missions of Indian Coast Guard include:
Safety and protection of artificial islands, offshore terminals and other installations.
Protection and assistance to fishermen and mariners at sea.
Preservation and protection of marine ecology and environment including pollution control.
Assistance to the Department of Customs and other authorities in anti-smuggling operations.
Law enforcement in territorial as well as international waters.
Scientific data collection and support.
National defence during hostilities.
Its additional responsibilities cover:
Offshore Security Coordination Committee (OSCC).
National Maritime Search and Rescue Coordinating Authority (NMSARCA).
Lead Intelligence Agency (LIA).
Coastal Area Security.
The Indian Coast Guard organisation is headed by the Director-General (DGICG) who is located at Coast Guard Headquarters (GCHQ), New Delhi. At GCHQ, he is assisted by four Deputy Director-Generals of the rank of Inspector-General, and other senior officers heading various staff divisions. The Director-General of the Indian Coast Guard is equivalent to Vice Admiral of the Indian Navy.
SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE (SFF)
The SFF is a paramilitary special force of India created on 14 November 1962. Its main goal originally was to conduct covert operations behind Chinese lines in the event of another Sino-Indian War. The force was established under the direct supervision of the Prime Minister, the unit under the operational command of IB and later R&AW, was designated the Special Frontier Force, and was primarily used for conducting clandestine intelligence gathering and commando operations along the Line of Actual Control with China.
SFF was raised with covert operations in mind, mainly along the Indo-China border, however SFF has been fielded by R&AW and the Indian government in various covert and overt operation theatres.
The SFF is also known as ‘Establishment 22’ or just ‘22’ due to its first Inspector General, Major General Sujan Singh Uban (Retd.) of Indian Army, who used to be commander of 22 Mountain Regiment during World War II, a Military Cross holder and a legendary figure in the British India Army. Singh commanded the 22nd Mountain Regiment during World War II in Europe and a Long Range Desert Group Squadron (LRDS) in North Africa.
Based in Chakrata, Uttarakhand, the force was put under the direct supervision of the Intelligence Bureau, and later, the Research and Analysis Wing, India’s external intelligence agency.
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