WORLD HISTORY
CIVILISATION OF THE WORLD
Civilisation is organised in densely populated settlements divided into hierarchical social classes with a ruling elite and subordinate urban and rural population, which engage in intensive agriculture, mining small-scale manufacturing and trade. Civilisation concentrates power, extending human control over the rest of nature. Civilisations have their own specialisation and their own traditions.
EGYPTIAN CIVILISATION
It was a civilisation of ancient North-eastern Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River.
Egyptian civilisation followed Prehistoric Egypt and coalesced around 3150 BC with political unification of upper and lower Egypt under the first Pharaoh Narmer.
This civilisation reached the Pinnacle of its power in the New Kingdom, during the Ramessids period, where it rivalled the Hittite Empire, Assyrian Empire and Mitanni Empire.
The success of Egyptian Civilisation came partly from its ability to adapt to the conditions of the Nile River Valley for agriculture.
The achievement of this civilisation includes the quarrying, surveying and construction techniques that supported the building of monumental pyramids, temples and obelisks.
MESAPOTAMIAN CIVILISATION
This civilisation was developed between the area of Tigris-Eupharates river system. In Greek, the meaning of Mesopotamia is land between rivers.
The people living here hunted and gathered the plants and animals. Ancient Mesopotamia and the surrounding area is often called the fertile crescent or the cradle of civilization.
Mesopotamian invented new technology, they were the first to use the wheel. They also created architectural structures such as the dome, the column and the arch.
They developed a number system based on 60, this explains why we have 60 seconds in a minute and 60 minutes in an hour.
Division of a year into 12 months, month into 4 weeks is given by the Mesopotamian civilisation.
SUMERIAN CIVILISATION
The Sumerians were the first humans to form civilization and they invented writing and government.
They were organised in city-states where each city has its own independent government ruled by a king that controlled the city and surrounding farmland.
Each city also had its own primary God. Sumerian writing, government and culture would pave the way for future civilization.
The Sumerian language was originally that of the hunter and fisher people, who lived in the marshland and the Eastern Arabian littoral region and were part of the Arabian bifacial culture.
BABYLONIAN CIVILISATION
The founder of this civilization was the Amorites. The appearance of Hammurabi, the great king of the Amorites made this civilization progressive.
Hammurabi was the first law given in the history of the world. He codified all these laws in a simple form which became famous as the code of Hammurabi. There were four parts in the code of Hammurabi, viz Civil code, Penal Code, Code of Procedure and Commercial Code.
The Babylonian wrote 200 books. They composed books on religion, science, Mathematics and astrology. In the domain of Babylonian literature, ‘Gilgamesh’ carved a special position.
ASSYRIAN CIVILISATION
Assyrian was an integral part of the ancient Mesopotamian world, and had come increasingly under the influence of Sumerian civilisation from the millennium onwards.
Assyrian was a monarchy, the king was the divinely appointed, all powerful ruler and claimed universal sovereignty.
The King of Assyria was the national God’s appointed representative on Earth. He was the chief lawmaker, the chief administrator and commander-in-chief of the army.
The original capital, Ashur, was also the centre of the worship of the chief God of the same name, and long after it had ceased to be the centre of government was revered as a holy city.
CHINESE CIVILISATION
The earliest civilisation was by the Shang (Chou) dynasty, followed by the chin and han dynasties.
In the 3rd century BC, the Chinese dynasty built the Great Wall. The Chinese script was pictographic and their calendar was a combination of both solar and lunar calendar.
Silk became the chief item of export during Han rule.
The two major religions were Taoism and confucianism. They invented a water clock, paper printing press and umbrella.
GREEK CIVILIZATION
The civilisation developed around 8 BC, when the small villages clustered to form city-states.
They worshipped Zens (Sky God), Poseidon (Sea God), Apollo (Sun God), Athena (Goddess of victory) etc.
In the battle of Marathon in 490 BC Greeks defeated king Darius I. Alexander was the Greek ruler.
The Olympic games originated in Greece. Iliad and Odyssey are among the best epics of the world written by Women of Greece.
ROMAN CIVILISATION
Italy was the centre of civilisation. The city of Rome was founded by Romulus in 1000 BC on the bank of Tiber River. The war between Carthage and Rome is known as the Punic War (264 BC to 146 BC).
Julius Caesar, one of the generals, murdered Pompey, another general and occupied the throne. He was attached to the Egyptian queen Cleopatra. Caesar was succeeded by Octavian and Diocletian.
Romans worshipped the planets and developed the latin language.
Concrete was invented by Roman which is even today used for construction of buildings.
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